There is important significance of air cushion performance for the working state and service life of cylinders. While the change of any work condition may damage adjusted air cushion thus influence the smooth process of fatigue test. So its necessary to master the relationship between all test factors and air cushion performance. Considering the particularity of fatigue test, the experiment should be designed under a premise that the cylinder structure keeps undestroyed. Load quality, opening of cushion needle value and velocity regulation valve as the unit factor variable were set respectively, then the displacement curve of the load was tested under different conditions, and by analyzing the displacement curve and velocity curve, the rebound amount and the residual kinetic energy at the end of the air cushion stroke were obtained to show the rebound strength and impact strength of the piston. The influence of various factors on the effect of the air cushion is elucidated.